研究根据心土培肥的改土技术要求研制出心土培肥犁,并分别在瘠薄黑土和碳酸盐草甸黑钙土上开展大面积机械改土试验,明确自主研发的心土培肥犁改土后对土壤理化性质影响及对作物产量的效果,为其广泛应用到低产土壤改良提供机械及技术支持。试验设深松、心土培肥和常规对照耕作,采用大田对比方法。研究结果表明:心土培肥和深松在不同类型土壤上对土壤理、化性质,对作物产量及产量性状影响后效不完全一致；心土培肥降低土壤抗剪强度后效明显,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土>10～30 cm土层土壤抗剪强度比对照降低6.65~12.16 kPa,黑土比对照降低8.20~11.31 kPa,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土改土后效果明显,黑土改土后效长,心土培肥改土效果优于深松；土壤容质量和硬度趋势同上；心土培肥提高土壤透气系数为2.78~14.28倍,饱和导水率为2.38~11.62倍；深松和心土培肥可提高下层土水分消耗比例,>30~60 cm土层耗水量为心土培肥区> 深松区>对照区,心土培肥耗水量比照高10%；心土培肥处理可提高土壤磷含量和供磷强度,>20～30 cm和>30~40 cm土层土壤供磷强度比对照分别提高4.19~5.17倍和4.96~17倍,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土高于黑土；心土培肥可提高玉米产量,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土上心土培肥增产幅度为6.82%~18.01%,黑土增产幅度为6.45%~11.18%,平均增产效果碳酸盐草甸黑钙土>薄层黑土,但黑土持续增产效果好。

There is a large area of low productive soil, many soil types, and different low productive reasons in Heilongjiang Province.So improving low productive soil has important significance for agriculture.Subsoil fertilization is a comprehensive soil improvement technology which can improve subsoil′s bad physical and chemical properties.Studying team has done research on improving planosol with subsoil fertilization, and this technology has the effect of continually increasing yield, but there is lack of the research on other soil types, and the practical mechanical tools.In this paper, the subsoil fertilization plow was researched according to the subsoil fertilization technology requirements, and applied on the improvement of carbonate meadow chernozem and thin layer black soil, which was aimed to clarify its soil improvement effect on soil physical and chemical properties and corn yield, and provide the mechanical and technological support for its wide application in low production soil.The field contrast method was applied in this study, and 3 treatments were set which included deep loosing(DL), subsoil fertilization(SF) and control(CK).The result showed that the effects of subsoil fertilization and deep loosing on soil physical and chemical properties, yield characteristics and yield were not consistent.The lasting effect of deep loosing and subsoil fertilization on deceasing soil shear strength was obvious.For carbonate meadow chernozem and thin layer black soil, the soil shear strength was decreased by 7.14 and 5.41 kPa under DL treatment, and by 12.16 and 8.20 kPa under SF treatment respectively compared with that of the CK in the first year after soil improvement; the soil shear strength was decreased by 0.68 and 2.25 kPa under DL treatment, and by 6.65 and 11.31 kPa under SF treatment respectively compared with that of the CK in the second year after soil improvement.The bulk density and hardness were the same as the above change.Subsoil fertilization could improve soil air permeability and saturated hydraulic conductivity; the air permeability coefficient was respectively 3.22 and 15.28 times higher than the CK on the 10-30 cm soil layer of carbonate meadow chernozem and thin layer black soil in the first year after improvement, and 5.17 and 3.78 times after the second year; the saturated hydraulic conductivity was respectively 8.93 and 7.68 times higher than that of the CK after the first year, and respectively 12.62 and 3.38 times after the second year.The effect of deep loosing was not obvious.The DL and SF treatment could improve water consumption of subsoil, and the order of water consumption was CK>DL>SF in 0-30 cm soil layer, and SF>DL>CK in 30-60 cm soil layer.The water consumption in subsoil layer was 30% of total water consumption, and 10% more than the CK.The total phosphorus and available phosphorus were increased by 0.05 g/kg and 3.21 mg/kg under SF treatment compared with the CK in 20-30 cm soil layer of carbonate meadow chernozem, and by 0.01 g/kg and 1.92 mg/kg in 30-40 cm soil layer, and the phosphorus offering intensity of the 2 layers was improved by 5.17 and 17 times compared with the CK; The total phosphorus and available phosphorus were increased by 0.09 g/kg and 15.05 mg/kg under SF treatment compared with the CK in 20-30 cm soil layer of thin layer black soil, and by 4.19 g/kg and 4.96 mg/kg in 30-40 cm soil layer, and the phosphorus offering intensity of the 2 layers was improved by 5.17 and 17 times compared with the CK.Subsoil fertilization and deep loosing could promote the corn growth, increase the length and width of ear, grain number per spike, 100?seed weight and yield.The yield was increased respectively by 18.01% and 14.28% under subsoil fertilization and deep loosing in the first year after soil improvement for carbonate meadow chernozem, and respectively by 6.82% and 2.87% in the second year after soil improvement; the increased yield was respectively 6.45% and 1.80% in the first year after soil improvement for thin layer black soil, and respectively 11.18% and 5.11% in the second year.The effect of increasing yield for carbonate meadow chernozem is more obvious than that for thin layer black soil.

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公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303126-7),科技支撑(2013BAD07B01),省招标项目(2014BAD11B01-A027)