已有研究对我国农业全要素生产率增长的源泉仍有争论，且都忽视了改革开放以来农业要素市场化配置改革带来的现实影响。以玉米为考察对象，运用超越对数生产函数随机前沿模型测算了1978—2018年我国玉米全要素生产率增长，并将其分解为技术进步、技术效率变化、规模效率变化和配置效率变化，以此探究玉米全要素生产率增长的源泉及其区域分异情况。结果表明：我国玉米全要素生产率年均增长1.38%，西南产区和华北产区增长较明显，东北产区增速偏低；要素市场化配置改革有效推动了配置效率的提升，是促进玉米全要素生产率增长的重要“源泉”；技术进步的作用日益显著，但技术效率改善并不明显；规模效率有所下降，未能有效推动全要素生产率增长。

There is still controversy over the source of agriculture total factor productivity (TFP) growth, but the impact of reform of agricultural factor market-oriented allocation over the past 40 years has been ignored. By adopting the transcendental logarithmic production function stochastic frontier model, the TFP growth of maize in China from 1978 to 2018 has been calculated. The technological progress, the technological efficiency change, the scale efficiency change, and the allocation efficiency change has been studied, so as to explore the source of TFP growth and its regional differentiation. The results show that the average annual growth rate of TFP of maize in China was 1.38%. The growth rate in Southwest and North China was high while that in Northeast was low. The reform of factor market-oriented allocation promoted the allocation efficiency and was the important source of growth of TFP of maize. The effect of technology progress was increasingly obvious while the technology efficiency didn’t improve significantly. Scale efficiency declined and didn’t help to promote TFP growth.