综合运用文献资料法和理论分析法，探讨二轮延包中所面临的公平问题与效率问题的具体表现，公平问题主要表现在：已死亡的农民有地可耕，新出生的农民无地可种；嫁出的闺女有地可望，娶入的媳妇无地可盼；进入体制内工作的农村精英有地可租，留守乡村务农的普通农民无地可耕；效率问题主要表现在：传统小农经营占主导的土地分散零碎化局面犹在；进城农民“人地分离”且土地依赖程度低导致土地撂荒现象普遍。深入剖析了二轮延包所面临的公平问题与效率问题的深层原因：第一，地权固化的趋势使得农村土地集体所有制“人人有份”的要义难以得到兑现；第二，人多地少的国情及农地社会保障兜底功能使得小农经营格局得以延续；第三，进城农民土地流转渠道不畅与土地退出机制不健全。最后，提出了三个方面的政策建议：第一，构建无地农民土地权益保障机制，依法落实无地农民的承包地；第二，基于市场机制构建起进城农民土地退出与无地农民土地承接的新机制；第三，完善土地流转市场，创新土地流转方式，探索集体经济组织土地集中经营的新模式。

This paper comprehensively uses the method of literature materials and theoretical analysis to discuss the specific manifestations of the fairness and efficiency problems faced in the second-round extension. Fairness issues are mainly manifested in: dead peasants have land to farm, but new born peasants have no land to farm; the daughter-in-law who is married has land to look forward to, but the daughter-in-law who married has no land to look forward to; the rural elites who enter the system to work have land to rent, and the ordinary farmers who stay in the countryside to farm have no land to cultivate; the efficiency problem is mainly manifested in : The situation of scattered and fragmented land dominated by traditional small-scale farmers still exists; the “separation of man and land” and the low degree of land dependence of urban farmers lead to widespread land abandonment. Then, it deeply analyzes the underlying reasons for the fairness and efficiency problems faced by the second-round contract extension: first, it is difficult to realize the characteristic of "everyone has a share" of rural collective ownership of land in the trend of land rights solidification; second, the national conditions of more people and less land and the basic function of agricultural land social security have enabled the continuation of the small-scale peasant management pattern; third, the land circulation channels for urban farmers are not smooth and the land withdrawal mechanism is not perfect. Finally, three policy suggestions are put forward in a targeted manner: first, to build a mechanism for the protection of land rights and interests of landless farmers, second, implement the contracted land of landless farmers according to law; Third, improve the land transfer market, innovate the way of land transfer, and explore a new mode of centralized land management by collective economic organizations.

国家社会科学基金一般项目（20BGL228）