随着中国工业化的快速发展，跨越“刘易斯转折点”后，城乡收入差距依然持续扩大，农业现代化严重滞后于工业化，二元经济结构转型呈现出非典型特征。从理论机制分析，当前小农经济下的生产资料所有制、农业生产经营方式和人地关系的异化，阻滞农业现代化、农民职业化和农村工业化的发展，成为制约二元经济结构转型的重要障碍。构建动态面板模型，运用1978—2018年全国31个省（区、市）的面板数据，通过实证检验证明，小农经济对二元经济结构转型具有显著的负向影响。基于此，立足新发展阶段，应重塑农村集体产权结构，通过农民集体发展适度农业规模经营，改变人地捆绑的束缚关系，以此改造小农经济推动二元经济结构顺利转型，为实现中国式现代化清除障碍。

With the rapid development of China’s industrialization and the transition beyond the “Lewis turning point”, the income gap between urban and rural areas has continued to widen. Agricultural modernization has lagged significantly behind industrialization, and the transformation of the dual economic structure has shown atypical characteristics. Analyzing from the theoretical mechanism, the study points out that crucial obstacles to the transformation of the dual economic structure lie in the alienation of the ownership system of the means of production, the agricultural production and management mode, and the relationship between people and land in the current small-scale farmer economy and the hinderance of developing agricultural modernization, farmers’ professionalization and rural industrialization. By constructing a dynamic panel model and utilizing panel data from 1978 to 2018 across 31 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) in China, empirical tests confirm a significant negative impact of the small-scale farmer economy on the transformation of the dual economic structure. In light of this, during the new development stage, efforts should focus on restructuring rural collective property rights, developing moderate agricultural scale operations by farmers’ collectives, and changing the binding relationship between people and land, so as to transform the small-scale farmer economy, facilitate the smooth transition of the dual economic structure and remove the obstacles to the realization of distinctive Chinese modernization.

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四川循环经济研究中心课题（XHJJ－2010）；成都市哲学社会科学规划项目（YY0520230903）；西南科技大学博士基金项目（22sx7114）；“中国特色‘三农’理论与实践”科研创新团队建设资助成果