本文以利益平衡为原则，构建“权―责―利”耦合的分析框架，系统审视耕地保护主体“权责利”在权责利配置中的现实困境。研究选取占补平衡、种植用途管制、地力补偿三大耕地保护政策展开分析。研究发现：在占补平衡中，补充耕地指标交易权利与长期管护责任相分离，形成“权―责”与“责―利”不匹配；在种植用途管制中，地方政府监管责任边界模糊，农户机会成本未获得合理补偿，陷入“权―责”冲突与“责―利”倒挂的双重困境；在地力保护补贴中，补贴权益归属存在权属争议，补贴发放与地力保护责任履行缺乏实质性挂钩，暴露出“权―利”不对等与“责―利”脱节的突出问题。研究认为，当前耕地保护困境的生成机理在于“权―责―利”脱耦。据此，从“权―责―利”耦合的逻辑出发，提出精准赋权、分层定责、多元补偿，以期为“十五五”规划时期耕地保护政策可持续落地提供支撑。

Guided by the principle of interest balance, this paper constructs an analytical framework that couples “rights, responsibilities, and interests” to systematically examine the practical dilemmas faced by cultivated land protection actors in the allocation of these three elements. The study analyzes three major cultivated land protection policies: The requisition-compensation balance, the planting-use regulation, and the soil fertility compensation. The findings reveal that: in the requisition-compensation balance, the trading rights for supplementary cultivated land quotas are separated from the long-term maintenance responsibilities, resulting in a mismatch between “rights-responsibilities” and “responsibilities-interests”； in planting-use regulation, the regulatory responsibility boundaries of local governments are ambiguous, and farmers’ opportunity costs are not reasonably compensated, leading to a dual dilemma of “rights-responsibilities” conflict and “responsibilities-interests” inversion; in soil fertility protection subsidies, the ownership of subsidy rights is disputed, and the distribution of subsidies lacks substantial linkage with the performance of soil fertility protection duties, exposing prominent issues of “rights-interests” asymmetry and “responsibilities- interests” disconnection. The study concludes that the generative mechanism of the current cultivated land protection dilemma lies in the decoupling of “rights, responsibilities, and interests”. Accordingly, following the logic of coupling these three elements, this paper proposes precise empowerment, hierarchical responsibility assignment, and diversified compensation to support the sustainable implementation of cultivated land protection policies during the 15th Five-Year Plan period.

F301.2；D63

国家自然科学基金项目（42571307）；国家社会科学基金重大项目（24ZDA102）；广东省哲学社会科学规划青年项目（GD26YGL07）